The resolution, scheduled for debate on Wednesday, was spearheaded by the Pacific island nation of Vanuatu, which led a successful 2024 campaign urging the ICJ to clarify states’ duties under international law regarding climate action.

Last year, the Hague-based court concluded that governments are legally obligated to take measures against climate change and warned that failure to meet those obligations could expose states to claims for reparations from countries most vulnerable to climate impacts.

The latest draft resolution describes the ICJ opinion as “an authoritative contribution to the clarification of existing international law” and calls on countries to comply with obligations aimed at protecting the global climate system.

The text also reiterates support for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and references the international commitment adopted at the 2023 climate summit in Dubai to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems.

Negotiations over the resolution, however, resulted in significant revisions after opposition from several major greenhouse gas emitters and industrial economies, according to diplomatic sources.

An earlier proposal to establish an “International Register of Damage” documenting climate-related losses and injuries was removed from the current version after objections from countries including the United States, China, Japan, members of the European Union and oil-producing states.

Those governments argued the mechanism extended beyond the scope of the ICJ opinion and raised concerns about potential pathways toward compensation claims or reparations linked to historical emissions.

Vanuatu Climate Minister Ralph Regenvanu defended the revised text, saying the resolution does not create new legal obligations or assign liability to individual states.

“For Vanuatu and for many climate-vulnerable states, this is ultimately about survival,” Regenvanu said, adding that the measure was intended to strengthen multilateral cooperation on climate governance.

Despite the dilution of several provisions, climate advocates said the resolution remains politically significant because it reinforces the growing role of international law in shaping climate accountability.

Joie Chowdhury, senior attorney at the Center for International Environmental Law, described the current draft as “still a strong text” despite intense diplomatic pressure during negotiations.

Diplomatic sources said the resolution may not secure the broad consensus achieved during the General Assembly’s original request for the ICJ opinion in 2024, with at least one member state expected to call for a formal vote.

The draft also requests that United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres prepare a report outlining options to advance compliance with obligations identified in the ICJ ruling.

The Copernicus Climate Change Service said sea surface temperatures in April were the second-highest ever recorded for the month, with warming accelerating across parts of the Pacific Ocean as neutral conditions transition toward El Niño.

Samantha Burgess, strategic lead for climate at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, said daily ocean temperatures in recent days had moved close to surpassing the previous records set in 2024.

“It’s a matter of days before we are back in record-breaking ocean SSTs again,” Burgess told AFP, referring to sea surface temperatures.

Copernicus said marine heatwaves reached unprecedented levels in waters between the tropical Pacific and the United States during April, reflecting broader warming trends tied to both natural climate variability and long-term greenhouse gas emissions.

Last month, the World Meteorological Organization said El Niño conditions could emerge between May and July. The climate phenomenon, linked to warming Pacific Ocean waters and shifting trade winds, alters global weather systems and raises the likelihood of drought, heavy rainfall and severe heat events.

Scientists say El Niño is unfolding against a backdrop of persistent global warming, with oceans absorbing roughly 90 percent of excess heat generated by human-driven emissions from fossil fuels.

The previous El Niño contributed to 2023 and 2024 becoming the second- and hottest years on record respectively, according to climate agencies. Some forecasters believe the developing event could rival the strength of the “super” El Niño recorded in the late 1990s.

Zeke Hausfather, a climate scientist at Berkeley Earth, said last week that a strong El Niño could significantly increase the chances of 2027 becoming the hottest year ever observed globally.

Burgess cautioned that forecasting the intensity of El Niño during the Northern Hemisphere spring remains difficult because of seasonal uncertainties in climate models. She said, however, that the event was already likely to have substantial global consequences.

“We’re likely to see 2027 exceed 2024 for the warmest year on record,” Burgess said, noting that El Niño’s strongest influence on global temperatures often emerges in the year after it peaks.In its monthly climate bulletin, Copernicus said April temperatures globally were 1.43 degrees Celsius above the 1850-1900 pre-industrial average, making it the third-warmest April on record.

The agency also reported Arctic sea ice levels remained near historic lows during April, while Europe experienced contrasting weather conditions that could increase the risk of drought and wildfires during the coming summer.

Climate researchers say the persistence of marine heatwaves, shrinking ice cover and rising global temperatures underscores the intensifying impact of climate change, even before the full effects of El Niño materialize.

The updated plan introduces a flexible path toward sustainability by allowing member states to purchase verified foreign carbon credits, designed to help nations meet environmental commitments while fostering global cooperation.

The agreement, reached after weeks of negotiation among climate and economy ministers, is viewed as a balanced milestone in Europe’s long-term journey toward net-zero emissions by 2050.

Officials describe it as a “transitional bridge” — one that preserves momentum toward carbon reduction while recognizing the diverse economic conditions across member states.

The deal reaffirms Europe’s intent to lead the green transition without compromising growth or stability.

Under the new plan, countries will continue reducing domestic emissions but can complement their efforts through international carbon credit exchanges.

These credits will be tied to verified sustainability projects in developing nations, such as forest conservation, renewable energy deployment, and reforestation.

Supporters argue this mechanism not only maintains accountability but also enables a fairer, more inclusive global climate partnership.

Proponents within the European Commission emphasize that flexibility does not mean a rollback of climate ambition. Instead, it introduces adaptability — allowing governments and industries to progress in ways aligned with their economic capabilities.

Policymakers view this as an important evolution in environmental governance, where cooperation replaces rigidity, and long-term results take precedence over symbolic targets.

The framework also aims to reduce tension among member states that have struggled with the cost of transition, particularly in energy-intensive sectors like manufacturing and transport.

By accommodating market-based solutions such as carbon credit trading, the EU hopes to attract private investment and innovation, supporting both green jobs and clean technology expansion.

Environmental groups had initially pushed for stricter domestic cuts, fearing the credit system might slow real emissions reductions.

However, experts note that the success of climate policy depends on achievable implementation, not just aspiration.

The compromise is expected to ensure continuous progress while keeping all nations actively engaged in the collective mission.

Economists see potential benefits for global markets as well. The inclusion of international credits can stimulate funding for developing economies, channeling resources into sustainability projects that otherwise struggle for financing.

This could advance global equity by linking European climate responsibility with international development goals.

Looking ahead, the European Union plans to strengthen verification systems to ensure transparency and prevent misuse of credits.

By combining measurable accountability with economic pragmatism, the deal sets a model that other regions might follow when crafting their own climate strategies.

While the debate over ambition versus realism continues, the new agreement demonstrates that constructive compromise can still drive progress.

With COP30 approaching, the EU’s move is being interpreted as a practical commitment to action — a reminder that sustainability requires not only vision but also balance, collaboration, and consistent delivery.