“ The expansion of rooftop solar installations across Indian cities and villages is being shaped by a combination of government subsidies, falling entry barriers and localized social influence, according to accounts from households and officials linked to the rollout of PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana.

Rajat Pathak, a resident of Sigra in Varanasi, said his decision to install a rooftop solar system was influenced both by financial incentives and visible adoption within his neighborhood. Pathak first considered solar power in 2024 but was deterred by costs, estimating that a basic 1 kW system ranged between Rs 60,000 and Rs 80,000 at the time.

The launch of the central government scheme later that year renewed his interest. By 2025, multiple homes in his locality had installed rooftop systems. “The houses next door had it, and my dekha-dekhi instinct kicked in,” Pathak said, adding that a combination of subsidy benefits and neighborhood adoption influenced his decision.

He installed a 4 kW system, which he said now powers most of his household consumption during peak summer months, including air-conditioning units in rental rooms. According to Pathak, electricity costs have reduced significantly following installation.His experience reflects a broader trend.

Government data cited in the report indicates that more than 3 million households have adopted rooftop solar systems under incentive programmes, contributing to a rapid expansion in distributed renewable energy capacity.India’s solar output reached 1,08,494 gigawatt-hours in 2025, surpassing Japan to become the world’s third-largest solar power producer.

Solar energy accounted for approximately 9% of the country’s electricity generation in the 2025–26 period. Manufacturing capacity for solar modules nearly doubled from 38 gigawatts in 2024 to 74 gigawatts in 2025.In residential areas such as Greater Noida, rooftop solar adoption has also increased, with residents citing reduced electricity bills and improved system accessibility.

Around 800 homes in the area have reportedly achieved near-zero electricity bills through net metering systems, where excess power is fed back into the grid in exchange for billing credits.Residents interviewed said adoption decisions were often influenced by observation rather than formal outreach.

Santosh Malviya, a resident of Narendra Dev Nagar in Varanasi, said he installed a solar system after seeing neighboring households reduce their electricity bills. His 4 kW system has cut his monthly summer electricity expenses to between Rs 1,200 and Rs 1,500, less than half of previous levels.Under the PM Surya Ghar programme, the central government provides subsidies of up to Rs 78,000 for residential rooftop systems, depending on installed capacity.

Additional support from state agencies can add between Rs 20,000 and Rs 30,000. Subsidy payments are processed through direct benefit transfer following installation, inspection and verification.The uptake is not limited to urban clusters. In Manyachiwadi village in Maharashtra’s Satara district, residents collectively transitioned to solar energy.

According to village head Ravindra Mane, the decision was driven by persistent power outages, particularly during the monsoon season. The village, with a population of about 420, has not paid electricity bills for two years after installing rooftop systems across households. Excess energy is stored for use during periods of low solar generation.

In urban settings, early adopters reported operational and financial adjustments associated with solar use. Shiven Sharma, a resident of Gandhinagar, said his 5 kW system generates about 18 units of electricity daily. Under local tariff structures, surplus electricity fed into the grid earns a lower rate per unit than the cost of grid electricity consumed during deficits, particularly in monsoon periods.

Despite these differences, Sharma said the long-term cost benefits remain positive. Installation costs, however, remain a consideration. Sachin Kumar Attri, a software professional in Greater Noida, said his 5 kW system cost around Rs 3 lakh, offset by Rs 78,000 in central subsidy and Rs 30,000 from the Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency.

Attri said the installation process involved applying through the national portal, selecting an empanelled vendor and coordinating with the local electricity distributor, Noida Power Company Limited, for net metering. A bidirectional meter was installed within approximately 15 days of approval.

Documentation requirements included identity verification, bank details, electricity bills and ownership proof, along with agreements related to net metering. Officials said the streamlined process has improved adoption rates compared to earlier schemes.

However, some users reported initial delays due to vendor inexperience and confusion over approved panel brands. Mukul Gupta, another resident of Greater Noida, said his 8 kW system took over a year to become fully operational due to such issues. Installed at a cost of approximately Rs 5 lakh, he recovered about Rs 1 lakh through subsidies.

Gupta said his winter electricity bills are limited to fixed charges of around Rs 900 to Rs 1,000, while summer bills range between Rs 3,000 and Rs 4,000 despite running multiple air-conditioning units. He estimated monthly savings of up to Rs 10,000 during peak summer.

The concept of sanctioned load, defined by distribution companies as the maximum approved consumption capacity, remains relevant in managing electricity costs. Higher sanctioned loads allow simultaneous use of high-power appliances but increase fixed charges.The expansion of rooftop solar has also been observed in other regions.

Lucknow has emerged as a leading district in installations, surpassing Surat, while adoption has expanded into states such as Odisha, where nearly 85,000 households have enrolled under the scheme.Industry observers attribute the trend to a combination of policy support, financing access and visible adoption within communities.

The increase from roughly 100,000 rooftop solar households in 2016 to nearly 3 million by 2025 underscores the pace of expansion in distributed solar infrastructure.

According to a government document, Rajasthan will require around 4,400 megawatts of new coal-based power capacity by 2036. This figure is more than double earlier estimates and reflects revised assessments by the Central Electricity Authority, a technical body under India’s federal power ministry. The updated projection underscores concerns about ensuring reliable, round-the-clock electricity supply as consumption continues to rise.

Rajasthan currently leads India in renewable energy output, with nearly 70 percent of its electricity coming from solar and wind sources. Vast desert land and high solar irradiance have helped the state emerge as a clean energy hub, attracting large investments in renewable infrastructure over the past decade.

However, officials and advisers argue that renewables alone cannot yet guarantee uninterrupted power. Solar and wind generation are inherently intermittent, depending on weather and time of day. Large-scale battery storage systems, which could smooth out these fluctuations, remain expensive and are not yet deployed at the scale required to support a fully renewable grid.

The revised coal capacity estimate comes as Rajasthan prepares to retire about 1,350 megawatts of ageing coal-fired power plants. These older units are less efficient and more polluting, and their planned closure aligns with India’s broader push to modernize its power sector. Even so, replacing them entirely with renewables is seen as risky given current technological and storage limitations.

India as a whole continues to rely heavily on thermal power, which accounts for roughly one-third of national electricity generation. While the country has set an ambitious target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and expanding renewable capacity to 500 gigawatts, policymakers acknowledge that coal will remain part of the energy mix for decades.

Government data shows that India’s power demand is expected to surge as the economy grows, urbanization accelerates, and industrial activity expands. Meeting this demand may require up to a 40 percent increase in coal-fired capacity nationwide by 2035, even as renewable installations continue to scale up.

In Rajasthan, the upward revision of coal requirements has prompted regulatory reconsideration. The state’s power regulator has decided to review an earlier decision that denied approval for a proposed 3,200-megawatt coal-fired power plant. The review was initiated after the state power utility argued that additional baseload capacity is essential for grid stability.

The utility maintained that while renewable energy capacity is expanding rapidly, it cannot yet replace coal’s role in providing consistent power during peak demand periods or when renewable output falls. Officials pointed out that until storage technology becomes more affordable and widespread, coal plants remain a reliable fallback.

Rajasthan’s situation reflects a broader national trend. Several Indian states are accelerating coal procurement and power plant planning, citing the need to avoid shortages and blackouts. Recent years have seen sharp spikes in electricity demand during heatwaves, straining grids and reinforcing the importance of dependable baseload generation.

Energy experts note that India’s transition strategy is increasingly pragmatic rather than ideological. Instead of abruptly phasing out coal, the focus is shifting toward improving efficiency, retiring the dirtiest plants, and pairing renewables with flexible thermal capacity. This approach aims to balance climate commitments with economic growth and social stability.

The debate also highlights a key challenge for emerging economies: managing the energy transition without compromising development goals. For Rajasthan, a state that has become synonymous with renewable energy leadership, the need for new coal capacity illustrates the gap between long-term climate targets and short-term energy realities.

As India moves forward, policymakers are expected to emphasize hybrid solutions that integrate renewables, storage, and cleaner thermal power. Until storage and grid technologies mature, coal is likely to remain a critical component of energy planning, even in states that lead the renewable revolution.

A senior government official says India will maintain its coal capacity target through 2035 while focusing on balancing demand, grid stability, and clean energy expansion.

India has indicated that it has no immediate plans to add new coal-based power capacity beyond 2035, marking a significant signal about the direction of the country’s long-term energy strategy.

The clarification comes as the government maintains its broader objective of securing reliable and sufficient electricity supply while managing the rapid rise of renewable energy generation.

A top power ministry official said India aims to retain a coal-based capacity of around 307 gigawatts by 2035, aligning with earlier proposals that call for expanding coal output in the near term to meet anticipated demand.

Officials emphasized that it would be premature to outline plans for the period beyond 2035, as future decisions will depend on how fast electricity demand grows and how effectively clean energy is integrated into the power grid.

India has proposed increasing its coal capacity by nearly half from current levels even as it moves to double its non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, underscoring a hybrid approach designed to meet rising consumption while accelerating the shift to green energy.

The country has faced grid management challenges this year due to fluctuating renewable power supply, at times curbing electricity output to maintain system stability.

Authorities say the next few years will be critical in determining whether additional coal-based capacity will be necessary, particularly as India evaluates the costs and technological readiness of large-scale battery storage systems that can absorb excess clean energy.

The official noted that decisions on post-2035 capacity additions would require a clearer understanding of long-term demand patterns, the pace of clean energy expansion, and the resilience of the electricity grid as renewable generation grows.

The country’s coal-fired generation, which accounts for roughly three-quarters of total electricity output, has seen a decline in several months this year due to moderate weather conditions that reduced cooling demand across major regions.

Even with the decline, utilities continue to seek long-term supply contracts with coal-based generators to secure evening and peak-hour demand, particularly as renewable energy remains variable during those periods.

India’s energy planners are positioning coal as a stabilizing force within a wider clean energy transition, ensuring reliability while renewable capacity and storage solutions continue to expand.

Experts say the approach reflects India’s need to balance economic growth, industrial expansion, and climate commitments while maintaining affordable electricity for a rapidly developing nation.

The government maintains that coal will continue to play a role in the medium term, but its prominence will gradually shift as renewable energy, grid modernization, and advanced storage systems scale up.

For now, industry stakeholders and policymakers will closely monitor demand trends and technological developments as India refines its long-term energy mix in the lead-up to 2035 and beyond.

Assam had initially introduced the policy in February to attract green investments, offering financial incentives, subsidies on power transmission, and relaxed bank guarantee requirements.

Although the cabinet later decided to withdraw the policy, officials indicate that the state is evaluating next steps to ensure a more effective framework for clean energy growth.

Energy companies, including NTPC Green, Larsen & Toubro, Singapore-listed Sembcorp, and Abu Dhabi-based Ocior, have already bid for green hydrogen and other renewable projects in Assam, reflecting continued confidence in the region’s potential. Senior industry officials note that strategic adjustments to policy can enhance investment clarity and create more sustainable opportunities in the long run.

Experts say Assam’s focus on recalibrating its renewable energy approach presents an opportunity for investors to align with updated guidelines and participate in emerging clean energy markets. The state’s abundant natural resources, combined with India’s broader push for green hydrogen and renewable adoption, position Assam as a promising destination for high-value sustainable projects.

Observers highlight that temporary policy revisions are part of the natural evolution of state-level initiatives, allowing for improved frameworks that encourage larger-scale investments. The reassessment demonstrates Assam’s commitment to building a renewable energy ecosystem that is financially viable, technologically advanced, and aligned with national and international sustainability goals.

Despite recent changes, Assam continues to attract attention from domestic and international players, signaling that the state remains on the radar for innovative energy solutions.

Analysts predict that once the updated policy framework is finalized, Assam is likely to witness an acceleration in renewable energy investments, creating opportunities for green hydrogen, solar, and other sustainable projects.

Assam’s energy sector is poised to benefit from India’s nationwide clean energy momentum, offering investors a strategic entry point into one of the country’s most promising but underdeveloped renewable markets.

With careful planning and proactive engagement from the government and industry, Assam’s clean energy potential is expected to drive growth and innovation in the coming years.